Pediatric gynecologists provides care to female reproductive system of children which are used to diagnose and treat conditions . It provides a comprehensive and multidisciplinary approach that is sensitive to the psychological and emotional needs of our patients and their families. Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology mainly focuses on uterus, ovaries, vagina and vulva.  It works closely with many kinds of healthcare providers to care for patients who have medical or developmental issues that can affect their reproductive health.

Assisted reproductive technology which is used to achieve pregnancy artificially . Assisted reproductive technology includes procedures namely fertility medication, in vitro fertilization (IVF) and surrogacy. ART is primarily used in treating infertility among couples. It belongs mainly to the field of reproductive endocrinology and infertility. It includes techniques which are intracytoplasmicsperminjection(ICSI), cryopreservation, embryo transfer, assisted zona hatching, autologous endometrial co-culture, zygote intrafallopian transfer, cytoplasmic transfer, egg donors, sperm donors, preimplantation genetic diagnosis, emryo splitting, GIFT, ZIFT, sex selection and surgical sperm retrival. All these methods are being widely used as problems of infertility are increasing at an alarming rate worldwide. While some of these methods are safe but majority of them are harmful to the fetus as the babies are born with some kind of birth defects or genetic defects. ART also carries the risk of heterotopic pregnancy. In IVF and ICSI babies are born with low birth weight, decreased expression of proteins in energy metabolism, visual impairment and cerebral palsy. An ART procedure in the United States has doubled in the last 10years with the cost ranging from $2,000 to $30,000. ART procedures should be only performed after examing the medical condition of the couple. Many a times ART proves to be harmful to both the mother and child.

• Intrauterine Insemination
• In vitro Fertilization
• Surrogates and Gestational Carriers

Menopause is well known concept in Gynecology. Menopause is the time in which when menstrual periods stop permanently, and they are no longer able to bear children are also known as climacteric.  The number of Research institutes working on Menopause concepts are about 40-50 and the number of Universities are approximately 250 which are consisting menopause topics in the department of Gynecology and the funding towards the research on this topic is in between the figures of $30000 - $50000, Target audience are of about 20% in the industry, Academia 40% and 40% of others. Menopause typically occurs between 49 and 52 years of age. Medical professionals often define menopause as having occurred when a woman has not had any vaginal bleeding for a year. It may also be defined by a decrease in hormone production by the ovaries. In those who have had surgery to remove their uterus but they still have ovaries, menopause may be viewed to have occurred at the time of the surgery or when their hormone levels fell. Following the removal of the uterus,  this symptoms typically occur earlier in the age of 45 years .

Good sexual and reproductive health is a state of  physical, mental and social well-being in all matters relating to the reproductive system. It implies that individuals are able to have a satisfying and safe sex life, the capability to reproduce, and the freedom to decide if, when, and how often to do . One’s sexual and reproductive health, individuals want to access to accurate information and the safe, effective, affordable and acceptable contraception method of their choice. They will be informed and empowered to protect themselves from sexually transmitted infections. And when they decide to have children, women must have access to services that can help them have a fit pregnancy, safe delivery and healthy baby. Every individual has the right to make their own choices about their sexual and reproductive health. UNFPA,in conjunction with partners, works towards the universal access to sexual and reproductive health and rights and also family planning.

Gynecology and OB nurses also are referred to as OB/GYN nurses, and square measure specially trained to produce medical care for girls throughout gestation, labor and vaginal birth, yet as give medical care for girls with health issues of or involving their system. OB/GYN nursing could be a broad field, therefore nurses usually any concentrate on a particular space, like perinatalnursing or labor & delivery nursing at hospitals and biological process centers or in gynecology nursing in an exceedingly physician's workplace. OB/GYN nurses give care and support for girls from the instant they begin their playing period all the manner through climacteric. They educate girls on physical and sexual health, and discuss patients' choices for contraception, yet as preventative measures like HPV vaccinations for the interference of cervical cancer and mammograms for the first detection of carcinoma. OB/GYN nurse practitioners usually serve below the authority of a medical man as medical care givers to girls, and may write prescriptions, order workplace tests and build diagnoses.

 Women’sHealthNursePractitioners (WHNP) are the advanced practice registered nurses (APRN) who are educated and trained to provide health promotion and maintenance through the diagnosis and treatment of acute illness and chronic condition. According to the International Council of Nurses, an WHNP/advanced practice registered nurse is "a registered nurse  who has acquired the knowledge base, decision-making skills, and clinicalcompetencies for expanded practice beyond that of an RN, the characteristics of which would be determined by the context in which he or she is credentialed to practice.WHNP will develop the specialized skills and experience to treat and prevent illnesses unique to women, as well as provide focused care in areas such as:

·         Prenatal and postpartum care

·         Lifespan care through menopause

·         General wellness and preventive care

·         Reproductive health care

 The WHNP program helps aspiring nurse leaders  in a variety of settings, including physician’s offices, primary care clinics, hospitals, emergency care clinics, and nursing homes, among others. 

The branch of medicine dealing with the prevention, diagnosis and management of reproductive problems is known to be reproductivemedicine. The aim of reproductive medicine is to improve and maintain the quality of reproductive health. The knowledge of reproductive medicine is based on reproductive anatomy, endocrinology, physiology and pathology. If the topic of reproductive medicine is taken into account it can be further sub divided into prenatal medicine and postnatal medicine. The issues addressed in reproductive medicine are sexual education family planning, reproductive system diseases, birth control, infertility and sexual dysfunction. Ovulation, pregnancy, menstruation, menopause and other gynecological problems are also assessed under reproductive medicine.

Prenatal

medicine

• Perinatal Medicine
• Fatty eggs and Fertility

The women’s Health Nurse provides a women centered service which aims to improve women’s health and wellbeing by maximizing access to a range of healthinformation .The aims of the clinical, counselling, referral and health promotion services provided are to maximize a women’s choice and facilitate empowerment contributing to improve outcomes for women. Among the many professional, the women’s health nurse focuses their  care exclusively on female healthissues issues. These nurses have a myriad of options as to where they wish to focus their careers. Nurses specializing in women’s health work in a variety of areas such as:

·         Gynecology & Obstetrics

·         Oncology

·         Geriatrics

·         Endocrinology

There are many areas of specialty and subspecialty within this scope. The various settings includes:

·         Hospitals

·         Private physicians’ offices

·         Schools

·         Community health centers

·         Nursing homes

This a popular gynecology includes comprehensive coverage of current technologies such as laser procedures, techniques in tubal surgery, and surgical aspects of reproductive technologies. Organized according to the conventional division of benign gynecology, reproductive endocrinology, and gynecologic oncology.

Adolescent gynecology  is an emerging specialty that includes  adolescent endocrinology, gynecology, adolescent surgery, dermatology, psychiatry,  publichealth medicine  and genetics. It thus addresses a wide spectrum of diseases from the newborn period to adolescence.The gynecological problems encountered in children and adolescents are often both medically and psychologically complex and thus require a highly skilled and coherent approach. The adolescent, who is no longer a child but not quite an adult, posses a particular management problem to the traditional specialties. In the field of adolescent gynecology more than anywhere else, the medical attitude is often striking by its extremes.

Gynecologic Surgery is giving a data for clinical articles managing all parts of agent and office gynecology. "Gynecological surgery ", established in 2004, is the first and head peer-surveyed logical diary devoted to all parts of research, advancement, and preparing in gynecological surgery .Gynecological surgery alludes to surgery on the female conceptive framework. It incorporates strategies for amiable conditions, malignancy, fruitlessness, and incontinence. Gynecological surgery may once in a while be performed for elective or restorative purposes .Also this field is quickly changing because of new advancements and developments in endoscopy, apply autonomy, imaging and other interventional systems. Gynecological surgery is presently develops every surgical intercession relating to ladies wellbeing, including urogynecology , oncology and fetalsurgery.

A midwife is a professional in midwifery . Also known as obstetrics, midwifery is the health science and the health profession concerned with pregnancy, childbirth, and the postpartum period, besides sexual and reproductive health of women throughout their lives. The actual duties of the midwife is mainly to assist in the birthing process. It is said that the rates of obstetrical intervention in birth are rising worldwide. For example, national cesarean rates in Taiwan, China, Brazil, Argentina, Chile, Mexico, and Puerto Rico are between 40 and 50 percent. In the United States, the cesarean rate has risen since the early 2000s from 23 percent to 29.1 percent; most European countries, Canada, and Australia have cesarean rates in the mid-20 percent range. Although professional midwives attend the majority of births in some of these countries, they are biomedically socialized and often overworked, and have been unable to stem the rising cesarean tide, which is largely obstetrician-driven. Though both midwives and obstetricians have worked hard to preserve normal vaginal delivery in these countries the Scandinavian  and Japan are the exceptions. Here  cesarean rates range from 12 to 17 percent.

Urogynecology is an extensive topic and is professional in gynecology and the number of Research institutes working on the  Urogynecology are approximately 30 or more and  some universities also give training to women on Urogynecology , total number of universities which focus on this area are approximately 70 and also obtain a funding of around $10000- $30000 and includes 10% industry, 30% of academia and Others 60% .It is a surgical sub-specialty of urology and gynecology.Uro gynecology involves  diagnosis and treatment of urinary incontinence and female pelvic floor disorders. Urogynecology is also a subspecialty of Female Pelvic Medicine and Reconstructive Surgery. Robotic-assisted surgery has evolved vastly over the past two decades with persistantly improving technology, proving to assist surgeons in multiple subspecialty disciplines as discussed in many gynecologic conferences and gynecologic meetings worldwide.

Gynecological Endocrinology focuses on the treatment of disorders related to menstruation, fertility and menopause. Reproductive endocrinology and Fetal-Placental neuroendocrine development refers to a subspecialty that focuses on the biological causes and its interventional treatment of infertility and its development. It is related to the control and function of the different endocrine glands in women, the effects of reproductive events on the endocrine system system, and the consequences of endocrine disorders on reproduction.

Maternal-fetal medicine is a vast topic and is professional in gynecology and the Number of Research institutes working on the  Maternal-fetal medicine are approximately 33 or more and  as well as some universities which are giving training to women to be Professionals in Maternal-fetal medicine , total number of universities offering this promising topic are approximately 160 working on Maternal-fetal medicine and there is also a funding of around $30000- $50000 and Academia 30% , 20% industry and Others 50% are included in this topic. Maternal–fetal medicine specialists are specialists within the field of obstetrics. They may perform prenataltests, provide treatments, and perform surgeries. After birth, they may work closely with pediatricians or neonatologists. Perinatologists assist with pre-existing health concerns and complications caused by pregnancy in mothers. Obstetrician-gynecologists who undergo an additional 3 years of specialized training in the assessment and management of high-risk pregnancies are called Maternal–fetal medicine specialists. In the United States, such obstetrician-gynecologists are certified by the American Board of Obstetrician Gynecologists (ABOG) or the American Osteopathic Board of Obstetrics and Gynecology.

 Gynecology  and obstetrics are the studies of the female reproductive system. Obstetrics is the branch of medicine that focuses on women during pregnancy, childbirth, and the postpartum period. Gynecology is a broader field, focusing on the general health care of women and treating conditions that affect the female reproductive organs. Doctors who are specialized in gynecology and obstetrics will have to undergo four years of post-medical school training  in the areas of women’s general health, pregnancy, labor and delivery, preconception and postpartum care, prenatal testing, and genetics. For example, women may be referred as gynecologists in the earlier stages of pregnancy, and obstetricians later in their term.

Pelvic pain is found between the belly button and the hips and groin. If it lasts for 6 months or more it is called chronic pelvic pain Chronic pelvic pain typically accustomed describes the persistent pain felt in very woman’s fruitful organs. It’s a big and customary drawback which will have an effect on any lady, in spite of age typically times, the etiology is unclear, and therefore the pain generally lasts for months. Researchers aren’t bound concerning the quantity of ladies within the united states un agency have chronic girdle pain, however some studies have reportable that up to 15% of ladies of childbearing age have experienced it.Worldwide, this ranges from 14–32%. In 32% of affected girls, the pain is therefore severe that they have to miss work.